2.1. Introduction. 19

 

2.2. Translation. 21

 

2.3. Culture. 25

 

2.4. Language and Culture. 29

 

2.5. Translation and Culture. 33

 

2.6. Translation Problems 36

 

2.6.1. Linguistics Differences. 37

 

2.6.2. Social Differences. 41

 

2.6.3. Cultural Differences. 42

 

2.7. Presuppositions 47

 

2.7.1. Philosophical Presupposition. 48

 

2.7.2. Semantic Presupposition. 48

 

2.7.3. Pragmatic Presupposition. 49

 

2.7.4. Cultural Presupposition. 50

 

2.8. Cultural Presuppositions 50

 

2.9. Different Classifications of Cultural Presuppositions 52

 

2.9.1. Newmark’s Classification. 53

 

2.9.2. Thriveni’s Classification. 58

 

2.9.3. Pavlovic’s Classification. 60

 

2.10. Translation Strategies 63

 

2.11. Translation Strategies for Cultural Presuppositions 66

 

2.11.1. House’s Strategies. 67

 

2.11.2. Newmark’s Strategies. 68

 

2.11.3. Baker’s Strategies. 72

 

2.11.4. Hervey and Higgins’ Strategies. 74

 

2.11.5. Aixela’s Strategies. 77

 

2.11.6. Vinay and Darblenet’s Strategies. 81

 

2.11.7. Wiersema’s Strategies. 82

 

2.12. Concluding Points 83

 

Chapter III: Methodology.. 84

 

3.1. Introduction. 85

 

3.2. Corpus 86

 

3.3. Theoretical Framework. 88

 

3.4. Design. 97

 

3.5. Procedure. 97

 

3.6. Data Collection. 98

 

3.7. Data Analysis 98

 

Chapter IV: Results and Discussions. 100

 

4.1. Introduction. 101

 

4.2. Description of the Data. 101

 

 

4.2.1. Cultural Presuppositions. 102

 

4.2.1.1. Ecology. 102

 

4.2.1.2. Material Culture (Artifacts) 102

 

4.2.1.3. Social Culture. 104

 

4.2.1.4. Organizations, Customs, Ideas. 105

 

4.2.1.5. Gestures and Habits. 107

 

4.2.2. Translation Strategies. 108

 

4.2.2.1. Transference. 108

 

4.2.2.2. Naturalization. 109

 

4.2.2.3. Cultural Equivalent 110

 

4.2.2.4. Functional Equivalent 110

 

4.2.2.5. Descriptive Equivalent 111

 

4.2.2.6. Synonymy. 112

 

4.2.2.7. Through-translation. 113

 

4.2.2.8. Shifts or Transposition. 114

 

4.2.2.9. Reduction and Expansion. 115

 

4.2.2.10. Couplets, Triplets, and Quadruplets. 116

 

4.2.2.11. Notes, Additions, and Glosses. 117

 

4.3. Analysis of the Data. 121

 

Chapter V: Conclusion, Implications, and Suggestions for Further Research.. 126

 

5.1. Introduction. 127

 

5.2. Conclusion. 128

 

5.3. Pedagogical Implications 130

 

5.4. Suggestions for Further Research. 132

 

References 134

 

Appendixes 139

 

 

 

 

List of Tables

 

Table 1: Food. 18

 

Table 2: Clothes. 18

 

Table 3: Housing. 18

 

Table 4: Transport 18

 

Table 5: Work. 18

 

Table 6: Leisure. 18

 

Table 7: Political and Administrative. 18

 

Table 8: Religious. 18

 

Table 9: Artistic. 18

 

Table 10: Historical Terms. 18

 

Table 11: Gestures and Habits. 18

 

Table 12: Transference. 18

 

Table 13: Naturalization. 18

 

Table 14: Cultural Equivalent 18

 

Table 15: Functional Equivalent 18

 

Table 16: Descriptive Equivalent 18

 

Table 17: Synonymy. 18

 

Table 18: Through-translation. 18

 

Table 19: Shifts. 18

 

Table 20: Reduction. 18

 

Table 21: Couplets. 18

 

Table 22: Triplets. 18

 

Table 23: Additions. 18

 

Table 24: Notes. 18

 

Table 25: Overall frequencies of cultural presuppositions. 18

 

Table 26: Overall frequencies of translation strategies. 18

 

Table 27: All cultural presuppositions separately for each short story. 18

 

Table 28: All cultural presuppositions and their translation strategies. 18

 

 

 

List of Graphs

 

Graph 1: Percentages of Cultural Presuppositions. 18

 

Graph 2: Percentages of Translation Strategies. 18