Viscosity parameter
Size-dependent continuum theory
a b s t r a c t
In this article, we reappraise the well-known equation of motion for a pipe conveying viscous fluid. We
utilize prominent principles of fluid mechanics such as Navier–Stokes’ equation as well as several benchmark
references in the field of fluid–structure interaction (FSI) to reveal that the viscosity of the fluid flow
should not appear explicitly in the equation of motion of pipe conveying fluid. Based on this result, we
could develop an innovative model for one dimensional coupled vibrations of carbon nano-tubes (CNTs)
conveying fluid using slip velocity of the fluid flow on the CNT walls as well as utilizing size-dependent
continuum theories to consider the size effects of nano-flow and nano-structure. Therefore, this innovative
coupled FSI equation suggests that CNTs conveying nano-flow remain stable for higher velocities. In
the other words, the critical average velocity of the fluid flow at which the divergence instability occurs,
should be greater in comparison with the critical velocity predicted by the models used plug flow and
classical continuum theories.
2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
Carbon nano-tubes (CNTs) are becoming the most promising
material for nano-electronics, nano-devices and nano-composites
because of their enormous application such as nano-pipettes, actuators,
reactors, fluid filtration devices, biomimetic selective transport
of ions, targeted drug delivery devices, scanning molecule
microscopy, and scanning ion conductance microscopy [1–4]. In
this regard, a remarkable number of studies have been accomplished
to disclose the vibrational behavior of such nano-structures
conveying fluid. Tuzun et al. [5], Amabili et al. [6], Yoon et al. [7],
Natsuki et al. [8], Wang et al. [9], Xia et al. [10] and Wang and Qiao
[11] made important contributions in this practical area. In this research,
we would undertake a reevaluation for computational
modeling of carbon nano-tubes conveying viscous fluid with some
fresh insights as well as we try to develop an innovative one
dimensional (1D) coupled fluid–structure interaction (FSI) equation
by considering slip condition on the nano-tube wall. Khosravian
and Rafii Tabar [12] studied the flow of viscous fluid through a

 

carbon nano-tube and established a new equation of motion of
pipe conveying fluid by considering the viscosity effect. They found
that a nano-tube conveying a viscous fluid was more stable against
vibration-induced buckling than a nano-tube conveying a non-viscous
fluid. Wang and Ni [13] reappraised the computational modeling
of carbon nano-tube conveying viscous fluid represented by
Khosravian and Rafii Tabar [12] and then corrected the FSI equation
and disclosed that the effect of viscosity of fluid flow on the
vibration and instability of CNTs could be ignored. Lee and Chang
[14] analyzed the influences of nonlocal effect, viscosity effect, aspect
ratio, and elastic medium constant on the fundamental frequency
of a single-walled carbon nano-tube (SWCNT) conveying
viscous fluid embedded in an elastic medium. They revealed that
the frequency increased as the values of the viscosity parameter increased.
Soltani et al. [15] developed a transverse vibrational model
for a viscous fluid-conveying SWCNT embedded in biological soft
tissue. Their investigation determined that the structural instability
and the associated critical flow velocity could be affected by
the viscosity of the fluid and the nonlocal parameter. Khoddami
et al. [16] studied electro-thermo nonlinear vibration and instability
of embedded double-walled Boron Nitride nano-tubes
(DWBNNTs) conveying viscous fluid based on nonlocal piezoelasticity
theory. They reported that increasing the small scale parameter
decreased the real and imaginary parts of frequency and
critical fluid velocity. Furthermore, they concluded that the effect
of fluid viscosity on the vibration and instability of DWBNNTs
might be ignored. In many recent studies various size-dependent
continuum theories have been developed for vibration and stability
analysis of CNTs conveying fluid. Lee and Chang [17], Zhen
0927-0256/$ – see front matter 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.commatsci.2013.04.047
⇑ Corresponding author. Tel.: +98 311 391 5248; fax: +98 311 391 2628.
E-mail addresses: m.mirramezani@me.iut.ac.ir (M. Mirramezani), hrmirdamadi@
cc.iut.ac.ir (H.R. Mirdamadi), ghayour@cc.iut.ac.ir (M. Ghayour).
Computational Materials Science 77 (2013) 161–171
Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect
Computational Materials Science
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/commatsci

Understanding and exploiting the abilities of the human
visual system is an important part of the design of usable
user interfaces and information visualizations. Good design
enables quick, easy and veridical perception of key components
of that design. An important facet of human vision is
its ability to seemingly effortlessly perform “perceptual
organization”; it transforms individual feature estimates
into perception of coherent regions, structures, and objects.
We perceive regions grouped by proximity and feature similarity,
grouping of curves by good continuation, and
grouping of regions of coherent texture. In this paper, we
discuss a simple model for a broad range of perceptual
grouping phenomena. It takes as input an arbitrary image,
and returns a structure describing the predicted visual organization
of the image. We demonstrate that this model
can capture aspects of traditional design rules, and predicts
visual percepts in classic perceptual grouping displays.
Author Keywords
Perceptual organization, grouping, good continuation, proximity,
similarity, Gestalt, contour integration.
ACM Classification Keywords
H5.2. User interfaces, theory & methods.
INTRODUCTION
Design of user interfaces and information graphics is poorly
understood, and somewhat hit-or-miss in terms of effectiveness.
A number of issues influence the success of a
design, and these run the gamut of the underlying human
behavior. A design must be good cognitively (can the user
easily understand the semantic structure of the design?),
perceptually (can they effortlessly interpret the visual information
present in the design?), and socially (does the
design fit into the user’s workflow? will they want to use
it?). Here we focus on perceptual aspects of design.

 

Perhaps the most important aspect of human vision for design
is perceptual organization. Perceptual organization
refers to phenomena in which the visual system quickly and
seemingly effortlessly transforms individual feature estimates
into perception of coherent regions, structures, and
objects. These phenomena were first studied in detail by
the Gestalt psychologists, who produced a set of qualitative
Gestalt principles that govern pattern perception [1, 2], including
but not limited to: the tendency of things to group if
they are nearby (the Gestalt law of proximity); if they share
similar features (the law of similarity), or are smooth and
continuous (the law of good continuation). The duals of perceptual
grouping are important phenomena in their own right:
we quickly and effortlessly perceive boundaries between
certain visual textures, perceive edges between coherent regions
in an image, and quickly detect unusual items that
seem to “pop out” from the background. Examples of perceptual
grouping phenomena are given in Figure 1.
Following the visual system’s “rules” of visual organization
makes interpretation of visual aspects of designs effortless:
a user easily sees which labels refer to which parts of a diaa
b
c
d
e
f
Figure 1: Perceptual grouping examples, including
grouping by proximity & similarity (a, b), and grouping
by good continuation (c, d). (e) A user interface; what
is the percept? (f) A graph, from [5]. Will a user
perceive the trend of the data?
Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for
personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are

interpreted as evidence of a low level of pre-announcement information. Confirming the results of
similar studies, the paper finds that unexpected earnings are best proxied using a model based on
consensus analyst forecasts.
Originality/value – This paper contributes to the existing literature by analyzing the information
content of earnings announcements in a small stock market with accounting standards that are
congruent with the International Accounting Standards.
Keywords Earnings, Financial forecasting, Denmark
Paper type Research paper
1. Introduction
One of the most compelling and intriguing research questions of our time is how
information is reflected in the price of stocks. In this paper we provide new evidence in
this area by analyzing Danish earnings announcements (EAs). First, we examine
whether the Danish stock market reacts to EAs in an efficient manner that is consistent
with the EAs containing relevant information. We then attempt to explain the market’s
reaction using the level of predisclosure information and amount of surprise contained
in the EA.
This study contributes to the existing literature in two respects. First, we analyze
the information content of EAs in a small stock market where the accounting
standards are congruent with the International Accounting Standards (IAS). The
manner in which small stock markets react to earnings announcements is interesting,
The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available at
www.emeraldinsight.com/1743-9132.htm
The author is grateful for helpful comments from Jan Bartholdy, Ken L. Bechmann, Bent Jesper
Christensen, Kasper Hansen, Johannes Raaballe, an anonymous referee, and workshop
participants at the 2004 European Accounting Association Conference and the University of
Aarhus.
IJMF
4,1
4
International Journal of Managerial
Finance
Vol. 4 No. 1, 2008
pp. 4-36

 

q Emerald Group Publishing Limited
1743-9132
DOI 10.1108/17439130810837366
since there are several aspects where it is likely that small and large stock markets
differ with respect to their information environment.With regard to pre-announcement
information it can be argued that the smaller size leads to a less developed market with
less investor sophistication and therefore less pre-announcement information. On the
other hand, one could argue that the smaller size leads to a more transparent market
with more pre-announcement information. Additionally, it is possible that the speed
with which the new information is incorporated into prices is affected by the size of the
stock market. Again, predictions regarding both a decrease and an increase in the
speed of adjustment can be set forth. Therefore in both cases the question of which
effect is the dominant one becomes an empirical issue.
The information content of EAs in a small stock market has previously been studied
in Kallunki (1996) in the context of the Finnish stock market. However, there are two
rather unique institutional features of the Finnish stock market that make it a less
suitable candidate for isolating the effect of stock market size on the information
content of EAs. First, as mentioned in Kallunki (1996), Finnish accounting standards
are very different from the IAS. Secondly, as also noted by Kallunki (1996),
short-selling is not possible in the Finnish stock market, and this has implications for

approach, the present study investigates the interplay between effective communication and interpersonal
conflict in influencing satisfaction and argues that a high level of effective communication not only diminishes
the negative impact of relationship conflict on satisfaction, but also suppresses the positive impact of
task conflict on satisfaction. Surveying data from 298 procurement professionals revealed that as the level
of effective communication increases, the negative impacts of relationship conflict on satisfaction decrease,
but the positive impacts of task conflict on satisfaction also decrease. Therefore, effective communication is
found to be beneficial for improving purchasers’ perceived satisfaction, but the timing of the task conflict,
along with the low levels of relationship conflict, is a critical factor to affect the efficiency of effective
communication.
© 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction

In a long-term relationship between buyer and seller, the nature of
exchange is relational, characterized by reliance on norms and shared
values (Dwyer, Schurr, & Oh, 1987). Communication plays a vital role
in the relationship development (Dwyer et al., 1987; Haytko, 2004;
Olkkonen, Tikkanen, & Alajoutsijärvi, 2000) as it is important to develop
shared values and understanding and to coordinate activities (Stanko,
Bonner, & Calantone, 2007). Moreover, communicating such information
has been shown to lead to increased buyer satisfaction (Mohr &
Spekman, 1994) and increased confidence in the seller’s reliability and
integrity (Morgan & Hunt, 1994). This, as a result, lowers transaction
costs (time and effort) required of parties to negotiate and reach agreements
(Ring & Van de Ven, 1994).
Of particular importance in a long-termbuyer–seller relationship is effective
communication on personal level (Haytko, 2004; Olkkonen et al.,
2000), which implies a degree of quality in the information exchanges
between boundary spanners, performed regularly and whenever necessary
(Sanzo, Santos, Vasquez, & Alvarez, 2003; Sharma & Patterson,
1999; Yen, Wang, & Horng, 2011). Effective communication can develop
a common understanding of the message from both boundary spanners’
perspectives and is essential in order to reduce perceived risk and uncertainty,
shape expectations, resolve any misunderstandings, explain the
options, and build both boundary spanners’ knowledge bases (Sharma
& Patterson, 1999; Yen et al., 2011). In buyer–seller relationship literature,
some research on both organizational and personal levels has reported
that effective communication significantly affects the buyer’s perceived
relationship quality with the seller, on factors such as trust, commitment,

 

2-4-1-دوره اختیار مطلق روسای قبایل.. ۱۳

 

2-4-2-دوره دلایل باستانی و مذهبی و قانونی.. ۱۴

 

2-4-3-دوره دلایل قانونی.. ۱۶

 

2-4-4-دوره اقناع وجدان قاضی.. ۱۷

 

2-4-5-دوره دلایل معنوی و علمی.. ۱۸

 

2-5-قانونی بودن تعقیب… ۱۹

 

2-5-1-قانونی بودن. ۲۱

 

2-5-2-تعقیب… ۲۱

 

2-5-3-تعریف و مفهوم تناسب… ۲۱

 

2-5-4-متناسب بودن تعقیب… ۲۲

 

2-5-4-1-سیر تاریخی.. ۲۳

 

2-5-4-1-1-سیر تاریخی طرح سیستم قانونی بودن تعقیب… ۲۳

 

2-5-4-1-2-سیر تاریخی طرح سیستم متناسب بودن تعقیب… ۲۴

 

فصل سوم-مشخصه های ادله کلاسیک اثبات دعوی، انواع و نقد های مرتبط با آن ۲۶

 

3-1-اشتراکات ادله دعاوی حقوقی و کیفری.. ۲۶

 

3-2-تمایزات ادله در دعاوی حقوقی و کیفری.. ۲۷

 

3-2-1-از جهت شخص استفاده کننده ۲۷

 

3-2-2-از جهت هدف مورد استناد. ۲۸

 

3-2-3-از جهت کمیت… ۲۹

 

3-2-4-از جهت زمان تهیه. ۳۰

 

3-3-اصول اساسی سیستم ادله اثبات دعوی در فقه امامیه. ۳۱

 

3-4-طریقیت ادله اثبات دعوی.. ۳۱

 

3-5-صلاحیت قاضی در تعیین ارزش اثباتی ادله. ۳۱

 

3-6-نظام حاکم بر ادله اثبات دعوی در حقوق کیفری ایران. ۳۲

 

3-7-نقد ادله اثبات در امور کیفری در حقوق ایران. ۳۴

 

3-7-1-تعریف اقرار. ۳۵

 

3-7-1-1-نقد اقرار در پرتو قوانین کیفری.. ۳۵

 

3-7-2-شهادت… ۳۸

 

 

3-7-2-1-تفاوت شهادت با دیگر مفاهیم. ۴۰

 

3-7-2-3-انواع شهادت… ۴۱

 

3-7-2-3-1-شهادت اصلی.. ۴۱

 

3-7-2-3-2-شهادت سماعی.. ۴۲

 

3-7-2-3-3-شهادت تسامعی.. ۴۲

 

3-7-2-4-نقد شهادت در پرتو قوانین کیفری.. ۴۲

 

3-7-2-5-مسئله شهادت زنان. ۴۵

 

3-7-3-سوگند. ۴۹

 

3-7-3-1-لوث و اثبات آن به وسیله قسامه. ۴۹

 

3-7-3-2-ضامن کردن دعوت کننده ۵۲

 

3-7-3-3-ضمان عاقله. ۵۳

 

3-7-3-4-جرایم علیه امنیت ملی.. ۵۵

 

3-7-4-علم قاضی.. ۶۱

 

3-7-4-1-بررسی نوآوری های قانون جدید. ۶۵

 

فصل چهارم-ادله نوین اثبات دعوی.. ۷۰

 

4-1-مشکلات کشف جرایم رایانه ای از حیث ادله اثبات دعوی.. ۷۰

 

4-2-شناسایی مجرمین.. ۷۰

 

4-3-هزینه بر بودن کشف جرم های رایانه ای.. ۷۱

 

4-4-قابلیت استناد به ادله الکترونیک در جرایم مختلف… ۷۳

 

4-5-استناد به ادله الکترونیک در رویه قضایی ایران. ۷۶