1.1. Statement of the Problem.. 8

 

 

1.2. Research questions. 10

 

 

1.3. Research hypothesizes. 10

 

 

1.4. Significance of the study. 11

 

 

1.5. Definition of technical terms. 11

 

 

Chapter two: Literature review

 

 

2.1 Literature review.. 17

 

 

2.2.  The related empirical studies. 24

 

 

 

3.1. Introduction. 32

 

 

3.2.Research questions. 32

 

 

3.3. participants. 32

 

 

3.4. collection procedure 33

 

 

3.5. Data analysis. 34

 

 

 

4.1. Overview.. 36

 

 

4.2 .Demographic statistics. 36

 

 

4.2.1. Demographic statistics regarding the age of the participants. 36

 

 

4.2.2. Demographic statistics regarding the age of the participants. 37

 

 

4.2.3. Demographic statistics regarding the language of participants. 38

 

 

4.2.4. Demographic statistics regarding the education of the participants. 38

 

 

Table4.4: Frequency distribution of respondents in terms of education group. 39

 

 

4.3. Descriptive statistics. 39

 

 

4.3. Investigating the research hypotheses. 42

 

 

4.3.1. First hypothesis. 42

 

 

4.3.2. Second hypothesis: 46

 

 

4.3.4. Fourth hypothesis. 53

 

 

4.4. As stated in chapter one, in this study four main hypothesis were formulated which are. 56

 

 

4.4.1. First hypothesis. 56

 

 

 

4.4.2. Second hypothesis. 58

 

 

4.4.3. Third hypothesis. 60

 

 

4.4.4. Fourth hypothesis. 61

 

 

4.4.Discussion. 62

 

 

 

 

5.1. Overview.. 66

 

 

5.2. Summary of the study. 66

 

 

5.3. Conclusion. 67

 

 

5.4. Implication for practice. 68

 

 

5.5. Limitations of study. 68

 

 

5.6. Suggestion for further research. 69

 

 

References. 71

 

 

Appendix. 78

 

 

 

List of Tables

 

 

Table4.1: Frequency distribution of respondents in terms of Gender 36

 

 

Table4.2. Frequency distribution of respondents in terms of Age group. 37

 

 

Table4.3. Frequency distribution of respondents in terms of language. 38

 

 

Table4.4: Frequency distribution of respondents in terms of education group. 39

 

 

Table4.5. the average and standard deviation of intensification scores used by all groups  39

 

 

Table 4.6.The average and standard deviation of explanation scores used by all groups: 40

 

 

Table 4.7.the average and standard deviation of all groups’ scores on taking responsibility  40

 

 

Table4.8: The average and standard deviation of all groups’ scores on concern for the hearer 41

 

 

Table 4.9: The average and standard deviation of all groups’ scores on denial of responsibility. 41

 

 

Table4.10: The average and standard  deviation of all groups’ score on offer of repair 42

 

 

Table 4.11: T- test for investigating the relationship between gender and intensification strategy. 43

 

 

Table 4.12: T- test for investigating the relationship between gender and explanation strategy. 43

 

 

Table 4.13: T- test for investigating the relationship between genders and taking responsibility. 44

 

 

Table 4.14: T-test for investigating the relationship between gender and concern for the hearer 44

 

 

Table 4.15: T- test for investigating the relationship between gender and denial of responsibility. 45

 

 

Table .4.16: T- test for investigating the relationship between gender and offer responsibility. 45

 

 

Table 4.17: T- test for investigating the relationship between age and intensification strategy. 46

 

 

Table 4.18: T- test for investigating the relationship between age and explanation strategy  47

 

 

Tabl4.19: T- test for investigating the relationship between age and taking responsibility strategy. 47

 

 

Table 4.20: T-test for investigating relationship between age and concern for the hearer strategy. 48

 

 

Table 4.21: T- test for investigating the relationship between age and denial of responsibility. 48

 

 

Table 22.4: T-test for investigating relationship between age and offer of repair strategy  49

 

 

Table 23-4: T- test for investigating the relationship between language and intensification strategy. 50

 

 

Table 24.4: T- test for investigating relationship between language and explanation strategy. 50

 

 

Table 25-4: T- test for investigating relationship between language and taking responsibility. 51

 

 

Table 4.26: T- test for investigating relationship between language and concern for the hearer. 51

 

 

Table 4.27: T- test for investigating relationship between language and denial of responsibility. 52

 

 

Table 4.28: T- test for the investigating the relationship between language and offer of repair strategy. 52

 

 

Table 4.29: T- test for investigating the relationship between education and intensification strategy. 53

 

 

Table4.30: T- test for investigating the relationship between education and explanation strategy. 54

 

 

Table4.31: T- test for investigating relationship between education and taking responsibility. 54

 

 

Table 4.32: T- test for investigating the relationship between education and concern for the hearer strategy. 55

 

 

Table 4.33: T- test for investigating the relationship between education and denial of responsibility strategy. 55

 

 

Table 4.34: T-test for investigating the relationship between education and offer of repair strategy. 56

 

 

Table 4.35. T- Test for investigating the relationship between gender and apology strategy  56

 

 

Table 4.36. T-test for investigating the relationship between age and apology strategy  58

 

 

Table 4.37. T- Test for investigating the relationship between language and apology strategies. 60

 

 

Table 4.38.To- Test for investigating the relationship between education and apology strategies. 61

 

 

 

List of figure

 

 

Figure 4.1. Frequency of respondents based on gender 37

 

 

Figure 4.2. Frequency of participants based on age. 37

 

 

Figure4.3. Frequency of respondents based on language. 38

 

 

Figure4.4. Frequency of participants based on education. 39

 

Abstract

 

 

The present study was aimed at exploring and describing apology strategies among Kurdish bilinguals in Ilam, Iran. It attempts to systematize the various strategies used for the purpose of apologizing from the pragmatic point of view. The current study involves 80 subjects of Kurdish bilinguals in Ilam, consisting of 40 male and 40 female subjects. The subjects were chosen randomly to participate in this study. The data of this study was collected through a controlled elicitation method based on questionnaire which is a modified version of ‘Discourse Compilation Test’. Descriptive and inferential statistical techniques such as T-Test have been used to show the meaningfulness of the relationship between gender, age, language, and education of respondents and their apology strategies. The prime finding of this study revealed that there is no meaningful relationship between gender, age, language and apology strategies used by Ilami people. However, education of respondents was found to be an effective factor on the use of apology strategy. The results indicated that the respondents have frequent tendency toward using “explanation”, “taking responsibility” and offer of “repair strategies”. They do not, however, show much inclination toward “intensification” and “concern for the hearer”.

 

 

Keyword: apology strategy, gender, bilinguals, speech act, Kurdish    

 

Chapter one

 

 

Introduction

 

 

1. Overview