1.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………..……………2

 

1.2 Statement of the Problem ………………………………………………………..…………5

 

1.3 Statement of the Research Questions……………………………………………..…………8

 

1.4 Statement of the Research Hypotheses……………………………………………………10

 

1.5 Definition of Key Terms…………………………………………………………………..12

 

1.5.1 Argumentative text …………………………………………………………………..12

 

1.5.2 Expository text ………………………………………………………………………12

 

1.5.3 Proficiency level ……………………………………………………………………………………………13

 

1.5.4 Reading strategy………………………………………………………………….…..13

 

 

 

    1.6 Significance of the Study………………………………………………………………….14

 

    1.7 Limitations, Delimitations, and Assumption ……………………………………………..16

 

 

 

CHAPTER II: Review of the Related Literature

 

2.1 What is reading?……………………………………………………………………………………………………19

 

2.1.1 Importance of reading …………………………………….……………………..……22

 

2.1.2 Approaches to reading skill ……………………………………………..……………25

 

2.1.3 Reading comprehension theories ……………………………………………………..26

 

2.1.3.1 Schema Theory …………………………………………………………………27

 

2.1.3.2. Sub skills View of Reading ……………………………………………………28

 

 

 

2.1.4 Different Kinds of Reading …………………………………………………………..31

 

2.1.5 Teaching and Learning Reading ……………………………………………………..34

 

 

 

2.1.6 Strategy ………………………………………………………………………………36

 

 

 

2.1.6.1 Learning Strategy ……………………………………………………………..39

 

2.1.6.2 Reading Strategies …………………………..…………………………………39

 

2.1.6.2.1 Extensive and Intensive Reading Strategies ……………..……………46

 

2.1.6.2.2 Cognitive Strategies ……………………………………………………47

 

2.1.6.2.3 Metacognitive Strategies ………………………………………………49

 

2.1.6.2.4 Compensation Strategies ………………………………………………50

 

2.1.6.2.5 Scanning and Skimming Reading Strategies ………………………….51

 

2.1.7 L1/L2 Reading Strategies ………………..…………………………………………..55

 

2.1.8. Learner Strategy Training ……………………………………………………………58

 

2.2 Text ……………….……………………………………………………………………….59

 

2.2.1 Text comprehension ……………………………………………………………………60

 

2.2.2 Text type ……………..………………………………………………………………..62

 

2.2.2.1 Expository text ……….…………………………………………………………68

 

2.2.2.2 Students with Learning Disabilities and Expository Text ………………………70

 

2.2.2.3 Argumentative text …………………….………………………………………..73

 

 

2.2.3 Connectives, text types, and reading comprehension ………..………………………..76

 

2.2.4 Two Approaches to Text Type Analysis ……..……………………………………….77

 

2.2.5 Genre and Text Type ………………………………………………………………….79

 

CHAPTER III: Method

 

3.1 Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………86

 

3.2 Participants …………………………………………………………..…………………….88

 

3.3 Instrumentation …………………………………………………………………………….88

 

3.3.1 Test of Reading Comprehension …….……………………………………..………….88

 

3.3.2 Reading strategies questionnaire ……………………………………………………….91

 

3.4 Procedure …………………..………………………………………………………………91

 

3.5 Design …………….……………………………………………………………………….93

 

3.6 Statistical Analysis ………………..……………………………………………………….94

 

CHAPTER IV: Research and Discussion

 

4.1 Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………..96

 

4.2 Restatement of the Research Hypotheses …………………….……………………………96

 

4.3 Reliability Analysis ………………………………………………………………………..98

 

4.4 Descriptive Statistics of the SILL Questionnaire ………………………………………….99

 

4.5 Descriptive Statistics of the Reading Comprehension Tests ……………….…………….101

 

4.6 Testing the Hypotheses of the Study ……………………………….…………………….107

 

4.7 Discussion of the Findings ………………..………………………………………………124

 

CHAPTER V: Conclusion and Pedagogical Implications

 

5.1 Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………….130

 

5.2 Procedures and Summery of the Findings ….…………………………………………….130

 

5.3 Pedagogical Implications ………………………………………………………………….131

 

5.4 Suggestions for Further Research ……………………………….………………………..133

 

References………………………………………………………………………………………134

 

Appendices

 

Appendix A …………………….…………………………………………………………….153

 

Appendix B …………………….……………………………………………………………..158

 

Appendix C …………..……………………………………………………………………….160

 

Appendix D ………..…………………………………………………………………………162

 

Appendix E ………….………………………………………………………………………..164

 

Appendix F ……………..…………………………………………………………………….166

 

Appendix G ……………………………………..……………………………………………167

 

Appendix H …………………..………………………………………………………………169

 

Appendix I …………………………………………………………………………………….171

 

Appendix J ……………………………………………………………………………………173

 

Appendix K ……………………………………………..……………………………………175

 

Appendix L …………..……………………………………………………………………….177

 

Appendix M …………………………………………………………………………………..179

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Lists of Tables

 

Table 2.1 Genres and Text Types ………………..…………………………………………….182

 

Table 3.1 Readability Statistics of the Texts Selected for Beginners …………………….……183

 

Table 3.2 Readability Statistics of the Texts Selected for Intermediates ………….…………..184

 

Table 3.3 Readability Statistics of the Texts Selected for Advanced …………….……………185

 

Table 3.4 The Variables of the Study …………………………………………………………..186

 

Table 4.1 Reliability statistics of the reading comprehension test for beginner learners ………187

 

Table 4.2 Reliability statistics of the reading comprehension test for intermediate learners ….188

 

Table 4.3 Reliability statistics of the reading comprehension test for advance learners ……….189

 

Table 4.4 Descriptive statistics of the obtained scores on reading strategy use questionnaire…190

 

Table 4.5 Normality checks of SILL scores distributions ……………………………………..191

 

Table 4.6 Descriptive Statistics of the Obtained Scores on expository text comprehension tests …192

 

Table 4.7 Normality checks of Expository test scores distributions ………………..………….193

 

Table 4.8 Descriptive Statistics of the Obtained Scores on argumentative text comprehension  tests ……………………………………………………………………………………….194

 

Table 4.9 Normality checks of Argumentative test scores distributions ………………………195

 

Table 4.10 Correlation between reading strategies and expository text comprehension ……….196

 

Table 4.11 Correlation between beginner learners’ use of reading strategies and expository text    comprehension ……………………………………………………………………………..197

 

Table 4.12 Correlation between intermediate learners’ use of reading strategies and expository text comprehension ………………………………………………………………………..198

 

Table 4.13 Correlation between advanced learners’ use of reading strategies and expository text comprehension …………………………………………………………………………….199

 

Table 4.14 Correlation between reading strategies and argumentative text comprehension …..200

 

Table 4.15 Correlation between beginner learners’ use of reading strategies and argumentative text comprehension ………………………….…………………………………………….201

 

Table 4.16 Correlation between intermediate learners’ use of reading strategies an argumentative text comprehension ………………………….…………………………………………….202

 

Table 4.17 Correlation between advanced learners’ use of reading strategies and argumentative text comprehension …………………………………………………….………………….203

 

Table 4.18 Model Summary ……………….…………………………………………………..204

 

Table 4.19 ANOVA of regression model ………..…………………………………………….205

 

Table 4.20 Model Summary ………………………….………………………………………..206

 

Table 4.21 ANOVA of regression model ………………………………………………………207

 

Table 4.22 Model Summary …………………………………………………………..……….208

 

Table 4.23 ANOVA of regression model ……………………………..……………………….209

 

Table 4.24 Model Summary ……………………………………………………………………210

 

Table 4.25 ANOVA of regression model ………………………………………………………211

 

Table 4.26 Model Summary …………………….……………………………………………..212

 

Table 4.27 ANOVA of regression model ………………………………………………………213

 

Table 4.28 Model Summary ……………………………………………………………………214

 

Table 4.29 ANOVA of regression model ……………………………..……………………….215

 

Table 4.30 Model Summary ……………………………………………………………………216

 

Table 4.31 ANOVA of regression model ………………………………………………………217

 

Table 4.32 Model Summary ……………………………………………………………………218

 

Table 4.33 ANOVA of regression model ………………………………………………………219

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Lists of Figures

 

Figure 4.1 Distribution of Beginners’ SILL Scores ………..…………………………………..221

 

Figure 4.2 Distribution of Intermediates’ SILL Scores …………..……………………………222

 

Figure 4.3 Distribution of Advances’ SILL Scores …………………..………………………..223

 

Figure 4.4 Distribution of Beginners’ Expository Test Scores …………….…………………..224

 

Figure 4.5 Distribution of Intermediates’ Expository Test Scores ………………….…………225

 

Figure 4.6 Distribution of Advances’ Expository Test Scores ………………….……………..226

 

Figure 4.7 Distribution of Beginners’ Argumentative Test Scores ……………………..……..227

 

Figure 4.8 Distribution of Intermediates’ Argumentative Test Scores ………….……………..228

 

Figure 4.9 Distribution of Advances’ Argumentative Test Scores …………………………….229