2

 

 

 

1.2. Statement of the Problem

 

 

2

 

 

 

1.3. Purpose of the Study

 

 

3

 

 

 

1.4. Research Questions

 

 

3

 

 

 

1.5. Significance of the Study

 

 

4

 

 

 

1.6. Organization of the Study

 

 

5

 

 

 

1.7. Definition of the Terms

 

 

6

 

 

 

1.8. Summary

 

 

6

 

 

 

CHAPTER II   REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

 

 

 

 

 

 

2.1. Introduction

 

 

8

 

 

 

2. 2. The philosophy behind this study: Sociocultural perspective

 

 

8

 

 

 

2.2.1. Writing in Vygotsky’s school of thought

 

 

10

 

 

پایان نامه و مقاله

 

 

2.2.1.1. More Knowledgeable Other or MKO

 

 

10

 

 

 

2.2.1.2. Elaboration of ZPD

 

 

11

 

 

 

2.3. Scaffolding in classroom situations

 

 

12

 

 

 

2.3.1. Facilitative methods in scaffolding

 

 

13

 

 

 

2.3.2. Characteristics and Critical Features of Scaffolded Instruction

 

 

14

 

 

 

2.3.3. Challenges and Benefits of Scaffolding

 

 

15

 

 

 

2.3.3.1. Challenges

 

 

15

 

 

 

2.3.3. 2. Benefits

 

 

16

 

 

 

2.3.4. Peer interaction: a good illustration and system of scaffolding

 

 

17

 

 

 

2.4. Mediation and Writing

 

 

17

 

 

 

2.5. Accuracy

 

 

19

 

 

 

2.6. Writing English and pair work an important issue in Iranian context

 

 

19

 

 

 

2.7. Arguments for and against pair work in writing: To use it or not to?

 

 

21

 

 

 

2.8. Small groups or large ones? Which yields better results?

 

 

23

 

 

 

2.9. Advantages of pair work

 

 

24

 

 

 

2.10. A Large Number of Literature Supporting Pair Work

 

 

26

 

 

 

2.11. Summary

 

 

33

 

 

 

CHAPTER III DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

 

 

 

 

 

 

3.1. Introduction

 

 

35

 

 

 

3.2. Design of the Study

 

 

35

 

 

 

3.2.1.Procedure

 

 

37

 

 

 

3.3. Site of the Study

 

 

42

 

 

 

3.4. Participants of the Study

 

 

42

 

 

 

3.5. Research Instruments

 

 

42

 

 

 

3.6. Data Collection

 

 

43

 

 

 

3.7. Data Analysis

 

 

43

 

 

 

3.7.1. Accuracy Measurement

 

 

43

 

 

 

3.8. Summary

 

 

44

 

 

 

CHAPTER IV FINDINGS

 

 

 

 

 

 

4.1. Introduction

 

 

46

 

 

 

4.2. Background Information

 

 

46

 

 

 

4.2.1. Students’ Background Information

 

 

46

 

 

 

4.2.3. Language Instructor’s Background Information

 

 

47

 

 

 

4.3. Research Question

 

 

47

 

 

 

4.5. Summary

 

 

54

 

 

 

CHAPTER V DISCUSSION and CONCLUSION

 

 

 

 

 

 

5.1. Introduction

 

 

56

 

 

 

5.2. Summary of the Study

 

 

56

 

 

 

5.3. Discussion

 

 

57

 

 

 

5.4. Pedagogical Implications

 

 

59

 

 

 

5.5. Recommendations for Future Research

 

 

61

 

 

 

 

 

موضوعات: بدون موضوع  لینک ثابت


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